🛰️ 3D Network Platforms & Frequency Bands 🌈
Satellite and Aerial Platforms for 3D Network 📡🚀
The figure shows the satellite and aerial platforms that can be integrated into the terrestrial network for cellular connectivity in 3D networks. 🌐📶
Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO) Satellites are the farthest from the terrestrial station with an altitude of around 35,800 km, which is why they experience a very huge attenuation and propagation delay [8] ⏱️🛰️. However, they can cover a large geographical area and are continuously visible from terrestrial terminals. 🌍🛰️
Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) Satellites have an altitude between 7000 km to 25,000 km, which is lower than GEO satellites, resulting in a lower propagation delay and better signal strength 🛰️🌌. However, they must operate in a constellation to achieve service continuity, since they are non-stationary. ✨🛰️
Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellites have the lowest altitude among the three satellite platforms, ranging from 300 km to 1500 km, which can achieve better signal strength and lower propagation delay than MEO and GEO satellites but with the trade-off of covering a smaller geographical area 🌏📡. LEO satellites are also non-stationary and must operate in a constellation to provide continuous service. 🛰️🌠
High Altitude Platforms (HAPs) are aerial networks that are deployed in the stratosphere with an altitude of approximately 20 km 🎈✈️. They can be hot-air balloons or airships, and can support a more flexible and cost-effective implementation than satellites. 💡🎈
Low Altitude Platforms (LAPs), on the other hand, like Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (UAVs), can fly at altitudes ranging from 100 m to 1 km, which provides high signal strength and low propagation delay due to their short-range line-of-sight deployment ✈️📶. They can also be deployed faster and cheaper but with the disadvantage of limited power supply. ⚡🚁
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